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Val Geist makes an extremely interesting point about hierarchical behavior in his _Life Strategies_ (p. 62-63). We've spoken often and in many forms, from discussions of bullying on up, about a simple fact of dominance hierarchies: those one one rung of the ladder accept aggression from those above them, then direct the resulting frustrated aggression within themselves toward those below them or toward outsiders. Val has pointed out something remarkably simple. By attacking those below us, we increase their level of defensive arousal. This activates debilitating stress hormones, robs them of physical health, and increases the activity of their immune system. It also burns up their calories by forcing them to be on the lookout for a drubing when those of us who drub them, subject to less violence, are able to store energy by going about our business in relative peace. The higher one is on the ladder, the more security and less attack one is subject to. The lower on the ladder, the more one becomes hen-pecked to the point of featherlessness and perpetual fear. Here comes Val's point. By tossing our subordinates into a hormonal and energy-draining traffic jam of stressors, we decrease their reproductive possibilities, increase the share of the group's resources available to ourselves, and hence expand the size of our own reproductive slot. Primate and other mamalian studies have born Val out in many forms, demonstrating that in the wild low animals on the totem pole are, indeed, harassed to the point of virtual infertility, and showing the hormonal mechanisms through which continual stress turns off the reproductive hormones and results in what Val calls "virtual castration," or, in the case of females, which Val doesn't mention and in which this is a pretty vicious inter-female process, virtual hysterectomy. Yesterday I mentioned one of the subjects I've studied at some length (and over which I've battled with a lady named Tipper Gore)--pornophobia. In his book _The Secret Museum: Pornography In Modern Culture_ (New York: Viking, 1987), Walter Kendrick makes a point that would cause any good Marxist or Foucaultian great satisfaction: that when nudity and copulation are treated in material only available to the wealthy, the result is considered "art" and is socially acceptable. When it is presented in a form available to the lower classes, it is considered "pornography" and is socially unacceptable, a good cause for furious attack. Poor Marxists and Foucaultians. They think that they've got the pig by the tail because they can attribute all this to the twisted ways of capitalism. However it is a mammalian, avian, and reptilian universal, and may, for all I know, extend further downward to invertebrates as well. It exists wherever there is a more or less linear dominance hierarchy. And alas for the Marxists, very few field mice, kangaroos, flocks of starlings, etc. have been misshapen by capitalist-greed, labor exploitation, and ownership of the means of production. Kenyon is right, but for basic, instinctual and hierarchical reasons. We humans, like our brethren and sisteren along the evolutionary chain, take punishment from those above us, and mete it out to those below us. Those above us theoretically attempt to maximize their reproduction. We theoretically attempt to minimize the production of those below us to save the resources of reproduction for ourselves. Actually, it doesn't quite work out this way in humans, but that's another subject. The fact is, the instincts are in us, one way or the other. Hence our attacks on the sexually explicit material of those below us are disguised outbursts of an inherited reflex, our attempts to deny our subordinates reproductive possibilities. The anti-pornography campaigns of the Ayatollahs, the Christian right and their occasional puppets like Tipper Gore can be viewed in terms of Geistian theory as attempts to harrass those on the bottom, increasing the stress on them, forcing them to take defensive positions, and draining them of the resources for sucessful reproduction. In a sense, the collective "moral indignation" at the sexual exploits of the poor amd those of members of outgroups (who are traditionally accused of sexual perversion--a charge made, for example, by the Romans against the early Christians) may have an indirect sort of success. The modern urban underclass may spawn in numbers that would make a middle or upper class person gasp. But the fact of the matter is that the progeny of this process come out socially unfit and many kill each other off. The upper and middle classes follow a strategy which I believe Geist says is universal among animals adapted to a wide range of environments (and hence to fast-paced change)--long-term nurturing of just a few offspring. Hence a class of "informationally privileged" and "informationally underprivileged." But to an extent these privileges are earned. Those who put few resources and little attention into each child, but cover their bets by having a great number of them are guilty of underprivileging their children from the git-go. It's hard to think of a more serious crime than committing half a dozen innocent children to a lifetime of horrors in this way. However, they are following an old pre-mammalian pattern too--choosing an r-strategy instead of the k-strategy. K, it turns out, produces those who can live more on their wits and adapt more readily no matter what the species or the alteration in circumstance. The bottom line is that if monkeys and mountain goats had sexually explicit pictures to gawk at, the alphas would be praised for possessing theirs and the omegas would be hounded into shredding theirs. It ain't a matter of industrial society--its more a matter of elementary biology. Howard P.S. Meanwhile,
perhaps Marxists (including Stephen Jay Gould) attacked those who viewed
behavior through an evolutionary lens so vehemently back in the early
days of sociobiology because with our hierarchical, cross-species observations,
we threaten to deprive them of their pastureland--the myth of the monstrous
modern capitalist society. After all, if wild birds and mountain rams
are victims of class warfare too, how capitalist can it be?
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